Ever notice how English has some of the most random silent letter and related grammar rules?

Like c in the Sc in Science, gh in Light, K in the Kn Know, t in the tch in Catch, b in Debt, g in Impugn, and the combination of Cz in Czech (which is spelled with a Č in the real language of Czech, which should've been translated as Ch), and even now Wednesday is Wens-day, Interesting is Intresting, etc. It's like there's no rhyme or reason for these random dropped letters. Perhaps some seem to effect the word, like tch in catch, but really they don't, because catch is the same as cach. Why is English the most prevalent with these rules? And do these rules actually have rhyme and reason, or are they all just adopted words from other languages that weren't changed?